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Model
AGNPS InfoWorks ICM APEX SWAT AnnAGNPS AVGWLF QUAL2K DYRESM�CAEDYM WASP8 SWMM SWAT - MODFLOW PCSWMM WAM MIKE SHE AGNPS-VSA LSPC MapShed EcoHAT NDP Delft3D FM PDP WARMF INCA EFDC GSSHA L-THIA WEP-N QUAL2Kw GBR Dynamic Sednet DLEM MIKE11 RGWLF MIKE21 WEPP-WQ DHSVM MIKE HYDRO River GLM GBNP FVCOM SWAT+ CBP-WSM (Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Model) InVEST SimplyP HSPF SSHBS THMB Delft3D TETIS - N Mike Basin GWLF GPUOM-WQ SUSTAIN ELEMeNT-N MIKE 21 FM SEAWAT-MODFLOW SWAT-MODFLOW-RT3D PCLake CE-QUAL-W2
Water Body Type
Watershed Water body
Location
The Great Barrier Reef Florida Chesapeake Bay Watershed Other
Watershed Size
Large Medium Small
Watershed Type
Urban Agricultural
Water Body Characteristics
Streams Oceans Reservoirs Rivers Estuarine Coastal Lakes
Water Body Size
Large Medium Small
Dimensions
1D 2D 3D
Simulation Type
Event-based model Continuous model
Parameters
TSS Water Levels Primary production and plankton dynamics Q Flow velocity nitrogen Water levels Sediment Transport Temperature salinity TN DO TP wave parameters Chla Reservoir Operations Phosphorus tidal and wave parameters phosphorus algae TDS Salinity Nitrogen
Time Step
Daily Minutes Monthly Hours Annual Seconds Sub-daily
Model Complexity
Simple Complex Medium
Simulation Objectives
BMP cost estimation Evaluate nitrogen loads in cold regions TMDL development BMP Evaluations Holistic Simulation evaluate water quality improvement sustainable water resource management Pollutant Transport Assessment of Storm events evaluate storm events flood risk assessment understanding and managing phosphorus fluxes within polder systems Algal Bloom Predictions Environmental Impact Assessments evaluate combined and sanitary sewer overflows Flood Risk Assessment Assessing nitrogen pollution in watersheds Evaluate legacy Nitrogen Extreme events evaluation Optimizing reservoir releases to manage downstream temperature and water quality Screening Simulation Watershed management to reduce sediment and nutrient loads entering the Great Barrier Reef Support reservoir management decisions Floodplain Mapping Storm Surge analysis Erosion analysis Modeling the transport and transformation of pollutants hydropower optimization understanding and managing nitrogen fluxes within polder systems Evaluate groundwater nutrient dynamics Large-scale hydrologic modeling assess the effects of land use change flood and drought management BMP locations Climate Change Studies Assess erosion variability due to management practices predict nitrogen transport and transformation within a watershed Evaluate hydrological and biogeochemical interactions in small streams Understanding hydrological dynamics in snow-dominated regions evaluate green infrastructure implementation Ecosystem Assessments Simulating large scale watersheds assess sediment and nutrient transport evaluate ecological restoration projects Nutrient load assessment Evaluate nutrient and carbon fluxes in stream networks Support navigation simulate watersheds with variable source areas assessing phosphorus loss from agricultural lands Evaluate BMP and low impact development stormwater controls Wave-Current Interaction management of eutrophication and algal blooms Predict the effects of natural and anthropogenic changes on water quality Water Supply Management Watershed management assess the effects of urbanization Coastal and Estuarine Hydrodynamics developing TMDL Understanding contaminant transport through surface and subsurface systems modeling of complex domains Urban stormwater management and flood control NPS nutrient loads evaluation
Data Requirements
Sediment characteristics LULC Sewer networks Stream network Flow Soil ET Wind speed Specific yield Precipitation Bathymetric data Relative humidity River reach characteristics Temperature Hydraulic data DO Wind Algae N surplus Porosity Water quality Specific storage Hydraulic conductivity Wind Speed Solar radiation Geomorphic parameters DEM
Model Availability
Open source Open source (https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm) Not open source Open source (www.ce.pdx.edu/w2)
Model Limitations
Neglects bank erosion processes Poor nitrate simulation CBPWSM does not model lag times No provision for developing TMDLs Simplified hydrological processes Limited developer and community support Limited applications in simulating chemical dynamics Grid dependency can affect accuracy Struggles with small-scale local flows Does not simulate N Lacks optimization procedures for reservoir operation Runs a fully hydrodynamic simulation Poor sediment simulation Limited sediment transport modeling Manual calibration Does not allow multiple subbasins to connect to a single reach Poor prediction of peak flows Temporally lumped Does not simulate vegetation or forest changes Not suitable for shallow systems Limited to small stream networks Steady state conditions Simplified Bottom seepage simulation Fixed internal structure Limited to main stream simulation Does not incorporate wind effects Does not support saturated runoff generating areas Cannot model supercritical flow Empirical water quality simulations Limited hydrodynamics Limited to polder systems Requires detailed spatial data Does not simulate small outlets loss directly Limited applications for representing hydrological consequences of climate change No Water Quality Limited crop differentiation Poor groundwater simulation Limited to urban watersheds Limited backwater flooding simulations Limitations in storm sewer pipes simulation and calibration Simplified vertical stratification Limited model flexibility for internal modifications Poor channel/river routing Simplified Mixing Processes Does not consider secondary currents Dependent on input data Assumes horizontal homogeneity Requires high computational resources Cannot simulate changes in aquatic ecosystem dynamics Does not incorporate SOD Limited to Florida terrain Does not incorporate Zooplankton Does not simulate BMPs Not user friendly Assumes channel slope is equal to zero Empirical P simulations Lumped model Non-commercial purposes only Does not simulate P Poor simulation of small watersheds Limited applications in the USA Does not simulate baseflow Point source loads are limited to constant loading rates for the entire simulation period Accuracy decreases with higher trophic levels Model expertise Field scale model Simulates N Only Does not simulate physical characteristics of BMPs Large spatial resolution Calibration Complexity Does not account for nitrate transport in the vadose zone Does not deal with NPS pollution Inaccurate seasonal & decadal and climate projections Does not simulate urban watersheds Limited applications in urban watersheds Poor interactive process between surface and subsurface water Limited to cold regions Does not incorporate urban drainage Monthly nutrient load outputs Extensive datasets Limited applications in subtropical regions Cannot fully capture lateral floodplain interactions Requires numerous parameters and complex calibration Requires high resolution grids Difficulty in verifying LID component for modeling bioretention cells Does not consider specific algae species Topography data may require preprocessing limited to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Spatial limitations of the WSM preclude edge of field scale representation of phosphorus (P) losses Sensitive to specific input parameters Hydrostatic assumption for vertical momentum equation Simplified soil P processes Structured grids Semi-distributed model Can not be coupled with optimization algorithm Simplified hydraulic processes Simplified biogeochemical processes Limited ability in addressing long-term legacy N dynamics Requires high computational resources to be coupled with GA optimization Limited to the Great Barrier Reef Limited ecohydrological processes GUI is not open source High uncertainty Poor simulation of extreme events Model unstability with larger time steps Poor simulation of suspended solids Does not simulate specific agricultural and urban pollution inputs Model Expertise Does not simulate large watersheds Simplified representation of nutrient dynamics Lacks the conception of subbasin Algal processes are oversimplifed Dependent on Input Data Loads modeled by scenarios with MP effects are always lower than the alternative scenario because the CBPWSM assigns a load reduction credit to each MP

Model Library

Model library serves as a comprehensive reference guide for various watershed and waterbody simulation models. It provides detailed descriptions of each model’s type, developers, capabilities, limitations, computational requirements, and data inputs and outputs. The aim is to assist researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in selecting the most suitable modeling tools for their specific application. Each model entry includes links to download resources if it is open-source, relevant references, and examples of practical applications to further support users in making informed decisions. For more details see Model Library.