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Model
LSPC APEX L-THIA SWAT DYRESM�CAEDYM INCA-P Info Works (ICM) Mike Basin SUSTAIN Water Erosion Prediction Project-Water Quality (WEPP-WQ) model SimplyP Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) model CE-QUAL-W2 Distributed Hydrology Soil and Vegetation Model (DHSVM-N) SWAPP ("Comprehensive Environmental Optimization Tool SWAT�APEX Interface" model) geomorphology-based nonpoint source pollution (GBNP) INCA-N AnnAGNPS GPUOM-WQ GLM Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF) Delft3D FM GWLF AVGWLF INCA-C Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) ELEMeNT-N Nutrient delivery ratio (NDR) model and Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR), Water Yield (WY), Seasonal Water Yield Model (SWYM), InVEST DLEM SWMM NDP Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to Seas (MARINA) model PDP HYDROTEL WEP-N (Water and Energy transfer Processes and Nitrogen cycle Processes Model in Cold regions) HSPF CAST MapShed CBP-WSM (Chesapeake Bay Program Watershed Model) WAM RGWLF PCSWMM
Water Body Type
Small Watershed Watershed Water body
Watershed Size
Small Medium Large
Watershed Type
Urban Agricultural
Water Body Characteristics
Reservoirs Coastal Rivers Oceans Lakes Estuaries Estuarine
Water Body Size
Small Medium Large
Dimensions
2D 3D 1D
Simulation Type
Continuous model Event-based model
Parameters
TN Primary production and plankton dynamics TSS TDS wave parameters tidal and wave parameters salinity Reservoir Operations Q Salinity Sediment Transport Carbon Chla Water Levels Nitrogen TP DO algae Phosphorus
Time Step
minutes hours Annual Daily Monthly Sub-daily Seconds
Model Complexity
Simple Complex Medium
Simulation Objectives
evaluate green infrastructure implementation evaluate pollutant sources evaluate N sources Support navigation Low impact development stormwater Assessment Assess sewer overflows Land use changes assessment Predict the effects of natural and anthropogenic changes on water quality Coastal and Estuarine Hydrodynamics Estimate P exchange between Polder systems and surrounding rivers Water Supply Management TMDL development Optimizing reservoir releases to manage downstream temperature and water quality Screening Simulation NPS nutrient loads evaluation Wave-Current Interaction modeling of complex domains Floodplain Mapping Evaluate legacy Nitrogen BMP cost estimation Designing and Sizing Drainage Systems management of eutrophication and algal blooms Extreme events evaluation BMP locations Agricultural Management urban stormwater management Climate Change Studies Holistic Simulation Nutrient load assessment Evaluate future scenarios on nitrogen Support reservoir management decisions sustainable water resource management Algal Bloom Predictions Watershed management Flood Risk Assessment BMP Evaluations predict nitrogen dynamcis in a watershed Estimate N exchange between Polder systems and surrounding rivers flood risk assessment Pollutant Transport evaluate P sources Evaluate nitrogen loads in cold regions evaluate ecological restoration projects Drainage system Design
Data Requirements
evapotranspiration outflows Solar radiation Relative humidity temperature nutrient concentrations sediment characteristics relative humidity wind speed Soil Temperature N surplus nutrient inputs from different sources hydraulic data PET Wind speed Wind Bathymetric data precipitation dissolved oxygen DEM water discharge Inflows algae LULC Precipitation delineated subbasins
Model Availability
Open source (https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm) Although the GSSHA model executable can be downloaded for free (GSSHA 2019) in a web browser: +https://cast.chesapeakebay.net/ CAST Open source Open Source free of charge The Chesapeake Bay Program's Phase 6 Watershed Model a WMS software license must be purchased to use GSSHA in WMS. Open source (www.ce.pdx.edu/w2) and its documentation can be accessed Open source (https://naturalcapitalproject.stanford.edu/software/invest) Not open source
Model Limitations
not suitable for shallow systems the representation of the P soil processes does not account for soil type decadal poor interactive process between surface and subsurface water 2021). does not represent urban land use. Simulates Nitrogen Only manual calibration stream bank and tunnel erosions poor groundwater simulation Urban and suburban land uses only and air pollution around the city specifically for China struggles with small-scale local flows microbe species flow routing and curve number methods) uncertainty because it did not simulate the strong biogeochemistry interaction between the atmosphere and the land surface. limited to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed does not simulate urban watersheds requires high computational resources but not total sediment load including bed load and groundwater quality the resolution of Mike Load Calculator is the subcatchment how the inputs and watershed processes are modeled to estimate load delivered to the Ba is indispensable for formulating an efficient optimization model poor nitrate simulation does not simulate large watersheds sensitive to specific input parameters The CAST documentation contains many details on the computation and rationalization of inputs however the simulation is still based on monthly step Does not simulate Water quality a solution grid with a cell size of bigger than 200 m in GSSHA model can lead to signifcant errors in the results One limitation with the model is that it takes all the crops as one assumes that future climate conditions and land use changes will follow historical patterns and theoption for rectangular cross sections was not functional model uncertainties SWMM is limited to urban watersheds Annual Outputs Poor Simulation of Extreme Events Such a description provided as one or a set of equations detailing the load function Dependent on Input Data The processes of glaciers and permafrost are not considered by the InVEST model Incidental P losses which include structural errors derived from the assumptions upon which the model works (e.g. Fundamental problem in coupling the SWMM and GA with continuous simulation. Urban land uses requires relatively more input parameters small scale watersheds which means the available N and P yields were averaged for subbasins before being used in the quality modeling semi-distributed model not user friendly No Water Quality does not simulate BMPs Simulation results may differ in InfoWorks ICM due to different processing technologies IPOPT does not guarantee global optimality and so additional computational advantage may be gained through further study of the models mathematical characteristics and exploration of effective approximations and the model has recently been recoded into C plus plus using the MOBIUS model building framework the structure of calculations in CAST presents several challenges for creating an integrated ignores spatial variability in sub-surface modeling allencompassing optimization system but rather can be aggregated or cutting. limited community support accuracy decreases with higher trophic levels Although good solutions were consistently found to instances of this nonlinear model Limitations in Biological Processes Only urban watersheds sensitive to parameter calibration does not simulate the strong biogeochemistry interaction between the atmosphere and the land surface GSSHA does not allow for irregular pipe cross sections Ignores BMPs' effectiveness algal processes are oversimplifed Does not Simulate physical characteristics of BMPs LTHIALID does not account for the potential impact of extreme storms hence InVEST SDR demonstrated high potential for application in scenario studies and for prediction of suspended sediment export in large catchments lacks the conception of subbasin N aged >10 years consisted of two components: N inputs from more than 10 years ago and the natural background N pool (Zhou et al. Several of required parameters and the unavailability of most of these parameters Simplified Mixing Processes It lacks optimization procedures for reservoir operation inaccurate seasonal GUI is not open source it did not consider other forms of erosion such as gully limited applications in urban watersheds the suitability of selected parameters field scale model Spatial limitations of the WSM preclude edge of field scale representation of phosphorus (P) losses poor sediment simulation the decision space is high dimensional deep groundwater aquifers Limited to Florida terrain does not incorporate Zooplankton GSSHA storm sewer pipes and stream channels are not fullylinked; flow can only travel from the pipes into the channels Loads modeled by scenarios with MP effects are always lower than the alternative scenario because the CBPWSM assigns a load reduction credit to each MP the LID component for modeling bioretention cells in PCSWMM could not be sufficiently verified limited to urban watersheds are not yet included and climate projections The input data of the model are natural data and the socio-economic-related data are rarely considered GSSHA does not support autocalibration of the storm sewerparameters with its implementation of the PEST parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis software package Model Expertise hydrostatic assumption for vertical momentum equation InVEST SDR computes soil loss only from sheet and rill erosion and thus and errors in the input data (climatic forcing variables) As the time step is further increased Limited to cold regions. Unless the mathematical concepts representing the surface and soil layer are made more representative of reality as well as made to be dynamic Monthly nutrient load outputs manually calibration CBPWSM does not model lag times not well documented it does not provide the entirety of the numerical formulation of CAST in equation form Nevertheless Simplified Biological Processes returning of manure 2023). Limited by the model structure and data availability Inadequate parameter optimization Does not simulate baseflow can not be coupled with optimization algorithm Simulate specific species for phytoplankton does not simulate the small-scale transport of P across the land surface does not simulate fertilization of farmland limitations in capturing preferential flow path in soil layers that contribute to subsurface streamflow (Melo et al. potentially large P fluxes washed into watercourses when rainfall events coincide with fresh fertilizer and manure applications it does not simulate small outlets (manhole or inlets) loss directly does not allow multiple subbasins to connect to a single reach and the in-stream model does not include any mechanism to simulate macrophyte species competition does not incorporate SOD There are errors associated with SWYM predictions poor simulation of small watersheds The WEP-N model is based on mechanisms and missing channel/river routing Well-mixed in lateral direction The water quality component in InfoWorks ICM is simplified The decision variables are also nonseparable 2023) the ability to simulate and predict a catchment�s behaviour exactly in response to environmental perturbations remains unlikely Point source loads are limited to constant loading rates for the entire simulation period simulates lowland watersheds WARMF does not account for a tile drainage system ELEMeNT-N is limited in its ability to address long-term legacy N dynamics as it ignores temporal changes in soil organic N (SON) mineralization rates (Zhou et al. the assumption of simplified hydrological and biogeochemical processes event mean concentration (EMC) is the critical parameter to simulate NPS loads extensive datasets which may impact the numerically sensitive models process simplification assumes horizontal homogeneity The Python version is slow structural parameter and data uncertainty Integration Complexity Does not simulate hydrology limited developer and community support the discharge at the outlet will oscillate and the model may crash non-commercial purposes only Calibration Complexity

Model Library

Model library serves as a comprehensive reference guide for various watershed and waterbody simulation models. It provides detailed descriptions of each model’s type, developers, capabilities, limitations, computational requirements, and data inputs and outputs. The aim is to assist researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in selecting the most suitable modeling tools for their specific application. Each model entry includes links to download resources if it is open-source, relevant references, and examples of practical applications to further support users in making informed decisions. For more details see Model Library.